Minggu, 04 Maret 2012

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense

Form

( has / have  +  past participle )
Examples :
  • You have seen that movie many times .
  • Have you seen that movie many times ?
  • You have not seen that movie many times .
Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

Use 1 Unspecified Time Before Now


We can use the present perfect with unspecific expressions such as : ever , never , once , many times , several times , before , so far , already , yet , etc .
Examples :
  • I have seen that movie 20 times .
  • People have traveled to the Moon .
  • Have you read the book yet ?

How Do You Actually Use The Present Perfect ?

Topic 1 Experience

You can use the present perfect to describe your experience .
Examples :
  • He has never traveled by train .
  • Joan has studied 2 foreign languages .

Topic 2 Change Over Time

We often use the present perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time .
Examples :
  • You have grown since the last time I saw you .
  • My English has really improved since I moved to Australia .

Topic 3 Accomplishments

We often use the present perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals & humanity .
Examples :
  • Man has walked on the Moon .
  • Scientists have split the atom .

Topic 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the present perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened .
Examples :
  • Bill has still not arrived .
  • The rain hasn ' t stopped .

Topic 5 Multiple Actions At Different Times

We also use the present perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times .
Examples :
  • The army has attacked that city five times .

Time Expressions With Present Perfect


We can do this with expressions such as : in the last week , in the last year , this week , this month , so far , up to now , etc .

Examples :
  • They have had 3 tests in the last week .
  • My car has broken down 3 times this week .

Notice

" Last year " & " in the last year " are very different in meaning . It is not considered a specific time , so it requires present perfect .
Examples :
  • I went to Mexico last year .

Use 2 Duration From The Past Until Now ( Non - Continuous Verbs )


" For 5 minutes , " " for 2 weeks , " & " since Tuesday " are all durations which can be used with the present perfect .
Examples :
  • I have had a cold for 2 weeks .

Adverb Placement

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as : always , only , never , ever , still , just , etc .
Examples :
  • You have only seen that movie one time .
  • Have you only seen that movie one time ?

Active / Passive

Examples :
  • Many tourists have visited that castle . Active
  • That castle has been visited by many tourists . Passive
Past Perfect Tense
A kind of tense that is used to describe an action / an event that started in a certain time in the past & completed / finished till certain / an event that had happened before the other event / action happened .
The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + had + verb I I I + complement
( – ) Subject + had not + verb I I I + complement
( ? ) Had + subject + verb I I I + complement ?
Formula of Verbal Sentence :
( + ) Subject + Had + V3
( - ) Subject + Had + Not + V3
( ? ) Had + Subject + V3 ?

Example :
+ She had put my book on the table last night .  

Formula of Nominal Sentence
( + ) Subject + Had + Been + Non Verb
( - ) Subject + Had + Not + Been + Non Verb
( ? ) Had + Subject + Been + Non Verb ?
Example :
+ I had been there when the accident happened .
- I had not been there when the accident happened .
? Had had been there when the accident happened ?

Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect has 2 different forms : " will have done " & " be going to have done . " 

Form Future Perfect With " Will "

( will have + past participle )
Examples :
  • You will have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S .
  • Will you have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S . ?
  • You will not have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S .

Form Future Perfect With " Be Going To "

( am / is / are + going to have + past participle )
Examples :
  • You are going to have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S .
  • Are you going to have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S . ?
  • You are not going to have perfected your english by the time you come back from the U . S .
Complete List Of Future Perfect Forms

Use 1 Completed Action Before Something In The Future


Examples :
  • By next November , I will have received my promotion .
  • I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o ' clock .

Use 2 Duration Before Something In The Future ( Non - Continuous Verbs )


Examples :
  • I will have been in London for 6 months by the time I leave .
  • By Monday , Susan is going to have had my book for a week .

Remember No Future In Time Clauses

Like all future forms , the future perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as : when , while , before , after , by the time , as soon as , if , unless , etc .
Examples :
  • I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework . Not Correct
  • I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework . Correct

Adverb Placement

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as : always , only , never , ever , still , just , etc .
Examples :
  • You will only have learned a few words .
  • Will you only have learned a few words ?

Active / Passive

Examples :
  • They will have completed the project before the deadline . Active
  • The project will have been completed before the deadline . Passive
The structure of the future perfect tense is :
subject
+
auxiliary verb WILL
+
auxiliary verb HAVE
+
main verb

invariable

invariable

past participle
will
have
V3
Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense :

subject
auxiliary verb

auxiliary verb
main verb

+
I
will

have
finished
by 10am.
+
You
will

have
forgotten
me by then.
-
She
will
not
have
gone
to school.
-
We
will
not
have
left.

?
Will
you

have
arrived?

?
Will
they

have
received
it?

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